Autonomous sewerage: tips for the device

Autonomous sewerage is installed at a summer cottage or the territory of a private household for wastewater disposal. Complex sewerage systems are often built to serve multiple houses or small private companies located outside the city limits. Such systems usually include a sewage treatment plant and a network of pipes leading from the building to the reservoir.

Which design in which case to choose

The choice of the type of autonomous sewage system is based on the needs of the owners, the composition of the soil on the site and the size of the material capabilities.

Basically, the choice of a suitable design is carried out according to the following criteria:

  1. Septic tank - suitable for a family of 3-5 people living in a private house all year round. The best functionality of the structure is achieved when installed on sandy, sandy loam soils and chernozem with a low groundwater table.
  2. The dry closet is an excellent choice for long car trips and short-term rest in the country. Among such designs, there are both cheap options and expensive ones, equipped with a full indicator and a toilet paper tank.
  3. Cesspool - suitable for private houses with temporary residence. With year-round use, savings on construction will not be justified, since due to the small capacity, you will often have to order a sewage service, which will ultimately cost more than a septic tank.
  4. An autonomous station is the most modern and efficient sewage system for houses with permanent residence of people, which does not require regular maintenance and does not pollute the environment. However, due to its high cost, not everyone can purchase it.

Septic tank

Septic installations are of the following types:

With filtration well

With such a device, sewage flows from the house through pipes into a well with a sealed bottom. In it, the solid fractions settle, and the fats float and flow into the next well. There may be several such sedimentation tanks - the more, the cleaner the outlet water. At the bottom of the last tank, a cushion of rubble and sand is made through which water seeps into the soil.

Pros:

  • rare service;
  • simplicity of construction;
  • acceptable cost.

Minuses:

  • not suitable for clay soil and high groundwater;
  • insufficient degree of purification;
  • after 5 years the last tank will have to be cleaned from silt.

With filtration field

The design of such a septic tank is similar to the previous one - wastewater flows from well to well, being partially purified. The main difference is that instead of the usual tank with a cushion of rubble and sand, a well is equipped, from which pipes with holes, called "filtration fields", extend. Through them, the liquid seeps and is absorbed in the fields.

Pros - excellent performance and rare need for maintenance.

Minuses:

  • high initial cost;
  • a large area is needed for installation;
  • the need for replacement after 10 years due to silting up of pipes;
  • low level of final water purification.

With infiltrator and intermediate well

Water enters the septic tank, flows through the tanks and enters an intermediate well equipped with a drainage pump with a float. It pumps the liquid into the infiltrator, preventing wastewater from returning to the septic tank. This is especially important in high groundwater environments.

There are systems without an intermediate well, then the water immediately flows into the infiltrator and leaves through gravel and sand.

Pros:

  • simple device;
  • large area is not required;
  • suitable for a site with high groundwater, except for a septic tank without an intermediate well;
  • rare need for service.

Minuses:

  • volatility;
  • low level of cleaning;
  • the soil above the infiltration is not suitable for growing food.

Dry closet

Dry closets are of the following types:

  1. Chemical.

Special water with flavors is poured into the upper tank, and a chemical solution is poured into the lower one. Before and after using such a toilet, you need to drain a little water from the upper tank by pressing the pump or piston on the side. In the lower tank, the waste will be processed by means of a chemical solution into a relatively harmless liquid with no unpleasant odor.

The main disadvantage is that you cannot pour such liquid into a compost pit or under plants.

However, instead of chemicals, you can fill in more expensive, but safe solutions with bacteria, which also decompose waste well, and the liquid after processing is suitable for the garden.

  1. Peat - "dry".

Instead of water, peat is poured into the upper reservoir. This is an inexpensive natural filler, 1 kg of which can absorb up to 10 liters of liquid.

After using the toilet, turn the handle and fill the waste with peat. It will absorb everything, eliminate odors, and in the second tank, compost will gradually be prepared from sewage and peat mixture. The tank holds up to 140 kg of processing.

This dry closet can be installed in the house so that the seat is in the room and the second tank is outside. From there, the finished compost can be removed immediately with a shovel, without waiting for overflow.

  1. Electrical.

This is a modern toilet, which is as comfortable as the usual one. It is equipped with a push-button top tank that fills with water. After use, you can wash it off in the usual way.

When it enters the lower tank, the waste is cremated at a high temperature, and the liquid is discharged through the drain to the site. The resulting ash can be used as top dressing.

However, there are also disadvantages - a constant connection to electricity is required, and the cost of a toilet reaches $ 1,000.

Cesspool

This is the simplest design, consisting of a sealed tank and pipes from the building. The pipeline main should be located below the level of soil freezing, and additional insulation is recommended.

The cesspool is made from:

  • plastic container - it is durable, resistant to constant humidity, and the weight allows 3-4 men to mount it independently;
  • reinforced concrete ring - due to the huge mass, it cannot be installed without heavy equipment;
  • brickwork - only ceramic material is suitable, and the masonry should be carried out in a circle, forming a ring;
  • monolithic concrete structure - the formwork is erected, and then the cement mixture is poured.

Pros:

  • ease of construction;
  • low cost;
  • tightness, preservation of groundwater from pollution.

Minuses:

  • it is often necessary to call flushers due to the rapid filling of the pit;
  • not suitable for high groundwater;
  • unpleasant smell.

Autonomous stations

This is a modern sewerage system, which, at the exit, releases 98% purified water into the ground. It consists of several chambers and mechanical filters. In a biological chamber, bacteria process waste, in a mechanical chamber, they are cleaned of different fractions. There are also additional filters at the inlet and outlet.

Pros:

  • water can be drained directly into a reservoir or used for irrigation;
  • only mechanical filters require maintenance;
  • service life - up to 50 years.

Minuses:

  • volatility;
  • high cost of installation;
  • need a lot of space on the site.

Prevention and prevention of problems and errors during operation

To prevent problems and errors during operation, you need to provide:

  1. The correct slope of the pipes is about 45 degrees, excluding sharp turns.
  2. Diameter - from 110 mm and more, thin 50 mm pipes will quickly clog up.
  3. Grease and fecal runoff should not go into the same drain pipe, since cold water, when the toilet is flushed, will cool edible fat, causing it to solidify and settle on the walls.
  4. Ventilation pipes 50 cm above the ground should be installed above the septic tank hatches.

For prevention, you need to regularly:

  • clean pipes with chemicals from blockages;
  • clean them hydrodynamically;
  • pump out grease traps, if any.

The choice of the type of autonomous sewage system is no less a serious matter than buying a roof covering or planning a foundation. The convenience of living in the house and the economic feasibility of investments depend on this.

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